Distinction Between State and Government - 1788 Words

Introduction The state and government are distinguished in terms of functions, structures, duties, composition and the nature of their powers. The state is permanent, whilst government changes, altered or modified and even overthrown. The state employs bureaucrats who employed based on merit and who are politically neutral to conduct its business whilst government consists of elected officials who represent partisan sympathies. The state is more extensive than the government. The state is characterized by state institutions, exercise of legitimacy, territorial association and sovereignty whilst government is composed of three arms namely legislature, executive and judiciary. However the state and government are interrelated as the†¦show more content†¦On the other hand the government has power to make laws for the state even without the consent of the people thus it has absolute and final legal authority over all matters and is not subject to any power outside itself according to Khan an d mc Niven (1999:29). For example laws such as Public order Security Act (POSA) enforced by the government without seeking the consent of the people. Therefore, state and government are different in terms of the nature of their powers as each has its own specific powers different from the other. Nevertheless, state and government are differentiated as the state is characterized by sovereignty, state institutions, legitimacy and territorial association whilst government is characterized by the three arms namely legislature, executive and judiciary respectively. According to Heywood (2000:39), contends through sovereignty the state exercises absolute and unrestricted power in that it stands above all other associations and groups in society. Hobbes for this reason portrayed the state as a â€Å"Leviathian† a gigantic monster. State institutions are recognizably â€Å"public† in contrast to the private institutions of civil society. The state bodies are responsible for making and enforcing collective decisions in society and are funded ate the public expense. For example in Zimbabwe the police, army and courts are funded by the state for them to function fully. Due to legitimacy state decisions are usually accepted as binding on theShow MoreRelatedDistinction Betw een State and Government1773 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The state and government are distinguished in terms of functions, structures, duties, composition and the nature of their powers. The state is permanent, whilst government changes, altered or modified and even overthrown. The state employs bureaucrats who employed based on merit and who are politically neutral to conduct its business whilst government consists of elected officials who represent partisan sympathies. The state is more extensive than the government. The state is characterizedRead MoreComparing Schmitt s And Arendt s Theory Of The Political1260 Words   |  6 Pagesfrantic shared thoughts of democracy; an organized state can arguably be ruled by only one end of the spectrum. To conceptualize this view, philosophers Schmitt and Arendt present their interpretations on the political. The central thesis to my paper is then, to present both Schmitt’s and Arendt’s concept of the political and discern which is the most viable from of governing. Schmitt’s s tructure of the political rest in the friend-enemy distinction dictated by the sovereign. Opposite his view is ArendtRead MoreDifference Between Parliamentary And Presidential Democracy1013 Words   |  5 Pageselected in different branches of their respective government, lose their power dissimilarly, and hold clear distinctions between the head of government and the head of state. First and foremost, the two classifications of democracy, presidential and parliamentary, most substantial and crucial distinction is that the president of a presidential democracy is an elected individual voted into the executive branch of government directly by the citizens of the state, however, the prime minister of a parliamentaryRead MoreCompare And Contrast Thomas Paine And The Era Of Enlightenment920 Words   |  4 Pagesof the readings covered , was the topic of society and government, to the extent of what is society and government? do we really need Government, is it essential to the human society or existence? Or is it just a construct to protect us from ourselves? After reading Both Thomas paine’s: common sense and The Social Contract I noticed that both of these pieces of text touched on the subjects of society and government and the distinctions between them as well as the effect they have on culture and theRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Unit ed States Government Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesroles that the United States government undertakes, and principle among these roles is the role of protector. The United States government (hereafter referred to as â€Å"government†) is charged with protecting its citizens from dangers, both foreign and domestic. The Declaration of Independence is the first to highlight the government’s role as protector by stating that all people have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and â€Å"to secure these rights, Governments are instituted amongRead MoreKant s Views On Freedom Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesKant’s An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? Firstly, I will state the views that I held on freedom before I read the text, framing them within a political context by labelling myself as a civil libertarian and explaining what that means. Subsequently, I will provide my interpretation of Kant’s views on freedom through the â€Å"positive† and â€Å"negative† senses and how, for Kant, that there ought to be a distinction between the â€Å"public† and â€Å"private† use of reason, as it constitutes a necessaryRead MoreNeil Macdonalds Article On The Issue With Canadian Politics1426 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian politics is strategically creating an invisible barrier between Muslims and Canadians. I will first start off with a brief summary of the article followed by how Edward Said and Jasmine Zine discuss what is currently happening with the niqab. Summary: In MacDonald’s article, The barbaric cultural practice of election pronouncements, he looks at how the current Canadian political election has created this barrier between Muslims and Canadians. MacDonalds points out that the ConservativesRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagesand John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famous work, Leviathan, during the height ofRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States Is Considered To1021 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States is considered to be the supreme law of the land. While this is an accepted truth by most American citizens, the United States government employs a system of dual federalism in which individual states have their own constitutions. While both the individual state constitutions and the United States Constitution are similar in some aspects, they differ sharply other parts. Likely the most striking distinction between the two is when comparing the length of both. State constitutionsRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Of America1436 Words   |  6 PagesAbramovitz (2014) state that during this period, â€Å"poor people are little more than a drain on the budget and something less than full citizens† (). Calvinism has also affected the way that the modern day working class has been split up and needing constant distinction. The groups generally fall into worthy and unworthy poor, working and nonworking poor, and working poor and underclass. Although the names of the groups are different, it carries the same meaning to the distinction of the working class

The Life Of The Mind By Hannah Arendt - 992 Words

Hannah Arendt presents in her novel, The Life of the Mind, a theory she refers to as the â€Å"two-in-one.† She builds her theory off of a Socratic proposition. Socrates stated that it would be better for a group of men to be out of tune with each other than for him to be out of tune with himself. Here, however, lies a paradox. How can one be out of tune with itself? Arendt states that â€Å"you always need at least two tones to produce a harmonious sound† (183). Yet when you appear to others, you are one, otherwise you would be unrecognizable. But Arendt points out that you do not only appear to others, you also exist and appear for yourself. In doing so, you become more than one. As Arendt paradoxically states, â€Å"A difference is inserted into my Oneness† (183). Arendt’s concept of the two-in-one surrounds the act of thinking. She describes the two-in-one as â€Å"be[ing] itself and at the same time for itself† (185). You are never truly alone because your Oneness divides into two or more entities that, in a sense, converse with each other. We generally consider ourselves alone when we are not in the company of others, yet Arendt argues that our minds are snapped into Oneness again when we are surrounded by other people. Arendt describes this phenomenon, â€Å"Then, when he is called by his name back into the world of appearances, where he is always One, it is as though the two into which the thinking process had split him clapped together again† (185). Arendt admits that thinking is aShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hannah Arendt: Analyzing Judgement in The Life of the Mind 1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst obtain an understanding of the background and culture said philosopher was surrounded by. Our minds are malleable; opinions and values are most often shaped by societal norms, political structures, and retrospective assessment of past experiences. This paper will examine judgment as studied by Hannah Arendt while de lving into the political afflictions that likely shaped her conclusions. Hannah Arendt (born 1906) was a prominent political philosopher of her time. Born in Germany and ultimately landingRead MoreHannah Arendts Theory The Banal Evil1492 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility and contributing to the rise in obesity is wrong. Hannah Arendt founded the theory â€Å"The banality evil’ through analyzing Adolf Eichmann’s case during the time of the Holocaust. Eichmann and Henderson share similarities of both being ordinary men who influenced large scale harm. The intent of this essay will be to compare and contrast the perception of evil and discuss at which point radical evil may be mistaken for banal evil. Hannah Arendt discovered a concept known as â€Å"The banality of Evil†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Violence Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagespractice of violence, like all action, changes the world, but the most probable change is to a more violent world† (Arendt pg 80). Violence is contagious, like a disease, which will destroy nations and our morals as human beings. Each individual has his or her own definition of violence and when it is acceptable or ethical to use it. Martin Luther King Jr., Walter Benjamin, and Hannah Arendt are among the many that wrote about the different facets of violence, in what cases it is ethical, the role weRead MoreViolence, Odon Von Horvath And Youth Without God And Hannah Arendts On Violence1698 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens reconcile this bitter truth? Using Hannah Arendt’s â€Å"On Violence,† Odon Von Horvath’s Youth Without God, and Wole Soyinka’s Madmen and Specialists, I will define power and violence and attempt to understand how these concepts are justified in societal change. Hannah Arendt, a German political philosopher of the twentieth century, wrote â€Å"On Violence† to give her own clear definitions to power and violence. These terms are frequently used in tandem, but Arendt claims â€Å"[power] and violence are opposites;Read MoreArendt-Theory of Totalitarianism2308 Words   |  10 PagesHannah Arendt’s Theory of Totalitarianism: Hannah Arendt is widely regarded as one of the most important, unique and influential thinkers of political philosophy in the Twentieth century. Arendt was greatly influenced by her mentor and one time lover, Martin Heidegger, whose phenomenological method would help to greatly shape and frame Arendt’s own thinking. Like Heidegger, Arendt was sceptical of the metaphysical tradition which tended towards abstract conceptual reasoning; ultimately at oddsRead MoreHannah Arendt, Totalitarianism ( New York ; Harcourt, 1976 )1663 Words   |  7 PagesHANNAH ARENDT, TOTALITARIANISM (NEW YORK: HARCOURT, 1976): In Totalitarianism written by Hannah Arendt, the entire world was facing proof of Nazi equipment of dread as well as damage. These revelations of the atrocities were being attained, having a high degree of incredulous investigating in spite of a large entire body of data and also a vast cachà © of registered photographs. The consumer capacity for understanding has been confused, plus the character as well as degree these courses added to surrealRead More Normalizing Thoughtlessness Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesArendt examined and reflected upon what happens to come too passed such as conditioning and normalizing the activity of rational people regardless of specific situational context, such as a natural condition to man in evildoing. The face of evil portrayal the high-ranking SS official at Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem is not necessarily that of a radically wicked neurotic mastermind, but comes in the form of a banal and unimpressive distortion of normalcy. Arendt arg ues that the banality of evil isRead MoreThe Human Condition: Contemplation Key to Understanding583 Words   |  3 Pagessimple legislative solution. Americans have forgotten how to think critically. Hannah Arendt places great importance on living a contemplative life, and it is for this reason that her book, The Human Condition, is a worthwhile text. In it, she offers many insights as to what could help to make the American society better, and it is for this reason that she cannot be brushed aside. In the ancient Greek city-state, a life of contemplation was considered to be the highest form of living. PhilosophersRead MoreEssay on The Holocaust: The Concentration Camps1484 Words   |  6 Pagesstimulate the just humanitarian attentions in the later period because the message was only helpful at the surface of discovering the truth. Hannah Arendt states in The Concentration Camps, â€Å"there are numerous such reports by survivors; only a few have been published, partly because, quite understandably, the world wants to hear no more of these thing†(48 Arendt). To those who never went through the Holocaust, the inhabitant’s immediate suffering is uncommunicative eyewitness report. It reminds me ofRead MoreThe And Of The Nazi During The Holocaust1555 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you hear the words Holocaust, Nazi, Hitler, or genocide, your mind immediately thinks they are evil, malicious, unjust, and immoral. You think the people in charge, who commanded the encampme nt and death of millions of Jews are guilty of immorality and murder. Are they though? In Hannah Arendt s book Eichmann in Jerusalem, she discusses Adolf Eichmann one of the highest ranked leaders of the Nazi during the Holocaust. He was behind the ordering of Jews to be taken from their homes and put into

Building shelf management system Free Essays

Introduction to the undertaking Management system means the methods by which an administration programs, operates, and controls its activities to run into its ends and aims by using the resources of money, people, equipment stuffs and information. Management information systems are used by companies to assist maintain them more organized in certain parts of concerns. For illustration, companies use databases as a manner or hive awaying information as it helps them to entree informations more rapidly and remain more organized. We will write a custom essay sample on Building shelf management system or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is better than holding a paper-based system where relevant information can be lost or read falsely. Besides with paper-based systems, they take up a batch of room as you need a topographic point to hive away it all, for illustration, a filing cabinet. The undertaking I have decided to make will affect me analyzing, planing, and implementing a stock database system for warehouse operations in a little concern. In future this database could be used by other little concern companies as good. The company that I have decided to utilize is Biring ‘s News, which I have been working for over 4 old ages. The database will enable the company to pull off their stock that comes in and out of the warehouse. The ground I have chosen to make this company is due to the fact that I have been working at that place for such a long clip. I ‘ve learnt about how the concern itself runs and have seen jobs occur and become resolved or need to be resolved throughout the clip I have been at that place. Biring ‘s News has a concatenation of newsdealers which are based over Kent and London. The proprietors of the concern are ever either opening more stores in new locations or shuting them down in others. It would be utile for the company to hold a system that shows them how the stock is being managed, what is selling good and what is non. Background of the Company Biring ‘s News is owned by Jasbir Biring. They own a concatenation of newsdealers which are located in Kent and London. The stores are all situated within shopping Centres like Bluewater Shopping Centre and Westfield Shopping Centre. They sell a scope of stock such as, Sweets, drinks, magazines, coffin nails and newspapers. Biring ‘s News opened there first store in Lakeside shopping Centre, 1989, which was a great success and led them to open more and subdivision out towards London. In entire, the company has opened up to 8 newsdealers since 1989, some are still running and others have been sold on. At the minute, the company has one chief warehouse where all the stock is kept for all of Mr Biring ‘s stores ; so workers are ever in and out taking what they need when they want. The job with this is that there is no record of good coming in and good coming out, so there is no record of what points are low in stock and what points there are excessively much of. The result of this is that the director has jobs with stock that is non selling really good which leads to him holding excessively much in the warehouse which can besides so go out of day of the month, so he is losing out on money. Another job that would happen is that he may run low on stock that is high in demand ; therefore he will be losing out on gross revenues. The company besides have a concatenation of providers that they use. They use the same provider for magazines and newspapers as they receive that stock automatically on a day-to-day footing. When it comes to buying confectionary, they do non lodge to one provider. They go by which of all time supplier has the best monetary value for whatever they need or if any of them have particular offers. This is besides a job that leads to holding excessively much stock, as they are merely looking at what is on offer and merely buying it, even without detecting that they have plenty of the point in the warehouse. At the minute, the company has no record of what is kept in the warehouse, the lone manner of cognizing what is in the warehouse is by roll uping bills of what has been purchased or by staff advising the director about what is losing in the warehouse. Aim of Project The purpose of the undertaking is to: Write in item what the job is State how the job could be solved State how the system will work and what it is intended to make Identify all the demands for the system Analyse and plan the system that I intend to bring forth Implement the system Make a user usher for the company so that they are able to utilize the system Aim of the Undertaking The aim of the undertaking will enable the company to: Become more organized – they will be able to maintain path of what stock they have, so they wo n’t hold the job off holding excessively small stock or extra stock. Save money – the system will enable the company to salvage money as they will cognize what they have, so they will non purchase stock that is non required. Think of some more aims! ! ! Research Management information systems Management Information Systems can be used to treat informations into utile information. For illustration, it could be a system used to do orders. There are three types of direction information systems which are: Decision Support Systems Information coverage systems Executive information systems Decision Support systems This type of system allows strategic and tactical determinations to be made. Decision support systems are chiefly used to back up the tactical, semi structured determinations that need to be made as portion of the rating and planning of a concern. Executive information systems are targeted at strategic determination devising, which frequently involves unstructured determinations. This type of system is normally created by the terminal user as they are the 1s who normally use it. That manner they know how is works directly off. Examples of where determination support systems are used are to analyze informations and see if there are any tendencies, for case, looking at gross revenues figures over a period of clip. Information coverage systems This type of system helps companies as it produces studies which can assist them to do determinations within the company. For illustration, this type of system would assist Biring ‘s News as you could bring forth studies of what was in stock, so the director would hold an thought on what he needs to buy. There are two types of describing systems which are periodic studies and exclusion studies. Periodic studies are produced merely when required by determination shapers at regular intervals. Examples include a monthly fiscal statement and a hebdomadal gross revenues analysis. Exception studies are produced merely when asked for. This would be utile for Biring ‘s News as the director could easy publish a study out for himself whenever he needed it, for illustration, he would necessitate a transcript of the stock study when he planned to do an order from a provider. Executive information systems Provides senior directors with a system to help them in taking strategic and tactical determinations. Their intent is to analyze, comparison and highlight tendencies to assist regulate the strategic way of the company. They are normally integrated with operational systems, giving directors the installation to ‘drill down ‘ to happen farther information on the job. Off the Shelf package A criterion bing system is purchased from a package seller and installed on computing machines located within an administration. This type of package can be purchased by anyone and can be used to run by 1000s of people. You can buy many types of off the shelf package depending on what field you ‘re working in, for illustration, if you do photo use you could buy package such as Photoshop, which is really popular. With this type of package, it is moderately priced as it is popular. It is utile for smaller companies as they are chiefly capable of being able to make what the company wants. This package is non every bit utile to bigger companies as they prefer to hold package to make precisely what they want. For illustration, off the shelf package may hold characteristics that are non required by the company or they may be losing applications that the company needs. Bespoke package is a better option for much larger companies, as they can hold it produced to their demands. I will be bring forthing a stock database which will fit the demands for a warehouse storage system, so it will be able to be used by other smaller companies. The Waterfall theoretical account The waterfall theoretical account divides a undertaking up into phases. The theoretical accounts show that you should follow each phase in a specific order, as the diagram below indicates. Feasibility Study – This is the phase where the user has to research whether their planned undertaking is executable. The feasibleness is broken down into four stairss: Prepare for feasibleness survey by measuring the range of the undertaking. Define the job ( what should the new system do that the present 1 does non ) . Choose the best feasibleness option from those available ( typically up to five concern options and a similar figure of proficient options ) . Assemble the feasibleness study, including the principle for the selected option. Analysis – this can be broken down into two phases which are the probe of the current environment and concern systems options. Probe of the current environment – this is the most of import out of the two phases. For this, the user will hold made a list of all the demands in the feasibleness survey, so now they will hold to spread out on the demands and do them more elaborate by speaking about how they will be solved. They will besides hold to province what attributes and entities they will necessitate and how they will all be linked in the entity relationship diagram. They will besides hold to take a information theoretical account so they know how they are traveling to finish the undertaking and in what phases. The user will besides hold to set up the purposes and aims of the undertaking. Business system options – this phase comprises two stairss, the aims of which are to hold what the functionality should be. A figure of possible systems solutions for the perceived concern demands are formulated and the impacts and benefits of each will be evaluated. The solution selected will be the one that most closely catches the demands of the concern. The two stairss are: Define concern options Select concern option Design System design means that the developers describe in item how the system will work, what the end products will be and what inputs are needed. Similarly, processs are described and hardware demands defined. Execution This is the phase where you create the system. It should be made right under all the given demands. Care and Testing At this phase the system should be completed and tested to see if it works. A user usher should besides be created so it can state the user how to run and keep the package. Methodology I am traveling to utilize the Waterfall theoretical account to construction my undertaking. I have chosen this because it allows me to research all facets decently before traveling in front and making the system decently. This manner I will non hold the job of burying to add in parts or adding in applications that are non needed. I am traveling to bring forth a stock database system for the company warehouse, which could subsequently be used as an off the shelf bundle by other little warehouse companies. This system will enable the director keep his stock by ever holding a sufficient sum of all his stock. The system will work by holding all the provider information stored on the database. From there the director will be able to entree their web sites and look into what publicities they have and besides compare monetary values to see where he could acquire a better trade. He will besides be able to see all the stock he has in the warehouse. The stock will be shown under their appropriate headers, for illustration, Coke would be stored under drinks. Following to each point of stock, it will province how many of each is stored at the minute. Employee inside informations will besides be stored on the system so that they can entree the system to enter what they had took from the warehouse, so that all the stock de grees are shown right. To bring forth the system I will necessitate the undermentioned information to bring forth the system: Name callings and references of the newsdealers Warehouse inside informations – where it is located What stock is sold in the store What stock is stored in the warehouse ( magazines and newspapers are non stored at that place, is at that place anything else? ) How many providers they use Detailss of providers – what they specialise in selling Detailss of employees ( this is because they all have entree to the warehouse, so the director will necessitate to maintain path of what they are taking ) To happen out all the information I will carry on an interview with the director. Requirements for the system: Employee- Employees must hold their ain user name and watchword to log into the system ; this is to halt any unauthorized entree to the system. They must be able to hold entree to their inside informations so that they can change it if any alterations are needed to be made. They must be able to change the measure degrees of all the stock to maintain it updated. The inside informations that will be required of the employee are their first name, last name, which shop they work in, reference, contact figure. There should besides be a map that enables you to add and edit/delete employees. Supplier – The inside informations that will be required are the name of the provider, the reference, website reference, email reference, phone figure. There should besides be a map that enables the user to add and edit/delete providers. Shop- The inside informations that will be required are the names of the stores, what shopping Centres they are located within, and the reference, which employee works at that place. There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stores. Warehouse- The inside informations that will be required for the warehouse is the warehouse figure, the reference, what is stored at that place. Stock- The inside informations that will be required is the name of everything that is sold in the store, for illustration, Sweets, magazines, coffin nails, etc. Besides you will necessitate to cognize the measure of it that is stored in the warehouse. There should be a map available that allows the user to add and edit/delete stock, either when they proprietor decides to halt selling it or when a new point is released in the market. Hazard Analysis Resources The package that I am traveling to utilize to make the information system is Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access is a Relational Database Management system. It is a really popular database system and it is easy to utilize. Microsoft Access database contains a figure of different applications ; some of them are table ‘s questions, signifiers, studies, macros and so on. Tables – these are used for informations storage. The tabular arraies are presented in rows and columns to the user so that they can input at that place informations. The tabular array is shown in a similar manner to a spreadsheet format as all the gridlines are seeable. Questions – they gather certain information from different tabular arraies and expose them all on one screen. Using a question you can alter the order of records ( screening ) , retrieve single records or groups of records ( seeking and filtrating ) , count, amount, norm, and otherwise summarize informations values ( collection ) and compute new values from values held in the tabular array ( computation ) . Forms – this allows information from tabular arraies to be displayed in a more professional manner. With signifiers you are able to add in images as you ca n’t infix them into tabular arraies. Reports- studies are used for showing information in different formats. They can besides incorporate images and graphs. Mentions Bocij, P, Chaffey, D, Greasley, A, Hickie S. ( 2006 ) Business Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapters 6 A ; 7 Boddy, D, Boonstra, A, Kennedy, G ( 2002 ) Pull offing Information Systems Prentice Hall, Pearson instruction. Chapter 1 Dowling, N ( 1998 ) Database Design and Management utilizing Access Letts. Great Britain. Chapter 1 Glanss, T, Grad, B, Holstein, D, Meyers, W, Schmidt, R ( 1968 ) Management Systems United States of America. Chapter 1 Bibliography The hired Institute for IT. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bcs.org/server.php? show=ConWebDoc.2767 Hero Solutions. Retrieved on: 12/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hero-solutions.co.uk/articles/bespokevsofftheshelf.asp Microsoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101656301033.aspx Microsoft Office Online. Retrieved on: 13/10/09, from the World Wide Web: hypertext transfer protocol: //office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/HA101650211033.aspx How to cite Building shelf management system, Essay examples

Ethical Issue in Healthcare-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Issues in Healthcare. Answer: Individuals with alcohol-related end-stage liver disease should be given lower priority for liver transplants compared to those who develop end-stage liver disease from other factors (congenital biliary disease, congenital polycystic liver disease). Thesis Statement The selection process of prospective cancer patients for the transplant should be based on the parameters of disease chronicity and not over the social preferences, gender, race, sexual orientation or ethnicity preference. Description of the ethical issue Two conflicting ethical principle that comes under consideration in this case is beneficence and non-malfeasance (Mikesell, Bromley Khodyakov, 2013). The principal of beneficence (doing good) stands for the proposition that it is the duty of the healthcare professionals to do good for their patients. This is regarded as the foundational principle of medical science which finds its roots in Hippocrates. The act of beneficence is often co-related with the term non-malfeasance which relates with the Hippocratic duty of do not harm. The dichotomy in between these two ethical principles leads to the foundation of the benefit/risk analysis (Bastable, 2003). In this case individuals with alcohol related end stage liver disease may remain at a high risk of fatal threat as he or she might indulge in alcohol consumption even after the liver transplant thus making the entire strenuous liver transplant process futile (Lucey, 2014; Addolorato et al., 2013). In order to make good use of the liver , it is better to transplant the same to the end-stage liver disease patients with congenital polycystic liver disease or congenital biliary disease. However, this negligence of the alcohol intoxicated patients in terms potential selection for liver transplant goes against the ethical rule of non-malfeasance which vouch for do not harm. Because giving preference of congenital end stage liver cancer patients over alcohol intoxicated patients in liver transplant may in turn harm the alcohol intoxicated end stage liver cancer patients (Mikesell, Bromley Khodyakov, 2013). Importance of Ethical Issues The ethical issue is important both from the perspectives of a healthcare professionals and the patients. From the perspective of the health care professionals it can be said that the concept of non-malfeasance is the ethical fabric or legal determinants the covers both negligence and malpractice. Any form of negligence is characterised as lack of observance of the professional code of conduct (Bastable, 2003). From the perspective of the patients it can be said that it is the duty of the healthcare professionals to do justice while procuring healthcare (Bastable, 2003). Here justice means equal distribution of healthcare services. So it is the ethical right of both the alcohol-related end stage patients and congenital biliary related end-stage patient to receive equal level of quality care when it comes for liver transplant. Race, gender, sexual orientation etc and their relevance on ethical issue Provision in quality care is the prime focus in the health care practise that deals with equality in healthcare, thus going with the ethical duty of justice. Thus during the process of liver transplant among the end stage cancer patient, the selection process should be based on the parameter of disease chronicity and not over the social preferences, gender, race, sexual orientation or ethnicity preference. In majority of the cases, the alcoholic patients are looked down upon or are socially excluded and hence giving rise to the stigma of discrimination. However, this goes both against the ethical principle of egalitarianism/ justice for all and professional code of conduct for Canadian nurses that supports fairness in health care approach (Canadian Nursing Association, 2017). Addressing the Issue The end stage liver cancer patients should be given preference in terms of liver transplant based on the mortality and morbidity chances. Moreover, according to the reports published by Addolorato et al., (2013), presence of Alcohol Addiction Unit (AAU), inside the liver transplant centre helps in the reduction of the threat of the alcohol recidivism after the process of liver transplant. References Addolorato, G., Mirijello, A., Leggio, L., Ferrulli, A., D'angelo, C., Vassallo, G., ... Gasbarrini, A. (2013). Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients: impact of an alcohol addiction unit within a liver transplant center.Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research,37(9), 1601-1608. Bastable, S. B. (2003).Nurse as educator: Principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Jones Bartlett Learning. Code of Ethics For Registered Nurses. (2017).Cna-aiic.ca. Retrieved 26 February 2018, from https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/code-of-ethics-2017-edition-secure-interactive.pdf?la=en Lucey, M. R. (2014). Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease.Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology,11(5), 300. Mikesell, L., Bromley, E., Khodyakov, D. (2013). Ethical community-engaged research: a literature review.American journal of public health,103(12), e7-e14.

Should we give every homeless person a home free essay sample

Many citizens of the United States do not have a place to stay. One in every 100 Americans is homeless. They roam the streets, asking for food and money due to the inability to find shelter and jobs. Fortunately, some parts of society have made it a mission to ensure that the homeless receive the help that they need. In many unique ways, residents are lending a helping hand to those in need.Prior to delving into how people are lending a hand, it is imperative to elaborate on the numerous reasons why many people find themselves homeless. Homelessness is a crisis in America. Being homeless is usually a transitional phase, therefore anyone can become homeless. Reverend Alfred Harrison from Charlotte, North Carolina told an ABC TV affiliate, â€Å"We’re the richest country in the world and yet we have to face situations such as these† (Christian Science Monitor, paragraph 6). People find themselves with financial instability due to losing their jobs, or simply being unable to find work. We will write a custom essay sample on Should we give every homeless person a home? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jacob Riis, a social reformer, immigrated to New York in 1870, only to find himself incapable to find work, therefore leaving him homeless (Library of Congress and National Park Service, paragraph 5). Others, have mental issues and have difficulties keeping a job to support themselves.The small things that one can do for the homeless can impact their lives forever. Shelters, food banks, churches, and clothing drives have provided a lot of support for them. In the article â€Å"When the cold wind blows, Americans give shelter† by Christian Science Monitor, an elderly homeless man is shown lifting his layers of coats up that have been given to him by coat drives organized by the city (Image 1). One of the main communication tools that the homeless uses are signs to make people aware of their needs without speaking to them directly. In Chicago, 23-year-old native Ian Todd creates and enhances signs for the homeless to catch passing citizens eyes (Art student to help the homeless by redesigning their signs). Since then, he has also kept in touch with numerous of the homeless individuals he has made signs for.In conclusion, the impact that residents have on the homeless is critical. Lending a helping hand could mean providing a coat or teaching one how to land a job. Focusing on the problem, which is financial instability can help bring an end to homelessness nationwide. Individuals involved in shelters, food banks, churches, and clothing drives are exemplary in showing how to help the homeless in unique ways. As one of the richest countries, there must be a unified stance to bring homelessness to an end.

Medea Reduction Essay essays

Medea Reduction Essay essays Euripidess play, Medea portrays the characteristics of a tragedy. Through Jasons tragic flaws, it is shown how Medea possesses these elements. To begin with, Jason is a person of magnitude. As a boy, Jason lived in Thessaly and became skilled in all the manly exercises and every branch of human knowledge. He was later told to seek his rightful place in society by going to Greece to regain his fathers throne. Jason demonstrated the act of free will. Jason cast away Medea because he did not want to leave his high place in society. Consequently, Jasons actions were a result of his downfall. Medea, being a woman of pride and royalty wouldnt except defeat as the final answer. She planned her revenge, and ultimately prevailed in the end. The murder of her children and the murder of Jasons new wife and father in-law basically ruined everything that Jason stood for. Everyone that he ever cared for was taken from him, and Jason was left with nothing. Hubris was a significant character flaw that Jason possessed. Hubris is wanton insolence or arrogance resulting from excessive pride or from passion. Jason shows hubris when he is challenged to bring home the Golden Fleece; Now glory was Jasons ruling passion. He would have felt disgraced if he has declined any adventure, however difficult it might be: and the greater the danger, the greater the glory (The Golden Fleece 213). When is Colchis, Jason realized that he could not defeat the protectors of the fleece and agreed to marry Medea if she helped him obtain it. Even though he did not love her, let alone know her, he agreed in exchange for the power and glory the fleece would bring him. While hubris is a character flaw, hamartia is an error of judgment that Jason had clearly made. While at the time, Jason thought that he was getting a good deal by marrying Medea. His judgment turned fatal. In the end of the story ...

Use of differential scanning fluorimetry as a high-throughput assay to Article

Use of differential scanning fluorimetry as a high-throughput assay to identify nuclear receptor ligands - Article Example As a partial solution to this problem differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is normally used. This technique allows for the identification of conditions that enhance the stability of proteins. DSF is used for this process as it allows possible ligands that have not been modified to be screened as 10 µL reactions in 96-well format against partially purified protein, revealing particular interactors. The researchers aim to find out whether differential scanning fluorimetry permits screening without modification of either the protein and/or the ligand in a high-throughput fashion using a commercially-available nuclear receptor ligand candidate chemical library. The researchers attempt to identify interactors of the human estrogen receptor ? ligand binding domain (ER? LBD). They will also investigate whether compounds that come into contact with the ligand stabilize the protein and lead to an increase of the thermal denaturation point. This process will be monitored using the SYPRO d ye which is able to detect even slight environmental changes. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors that exist in all metazoa that control cellular activities. Incidentally, the activities of NRs are regulated by interactions that occur between small-molecule ligands and a structurally-conserved ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the NR. This interaction induce structural changes resulting in new interaction surfaces for the recruitment of transcriptional co-activators and/or co-repressors. A lot of attention has been focused on the identification of ligands that bind to NRs and this is pushed by two main factors: i. Identification of natural ligands of a given NR is important in comprehending the role of the NR within the organism, particularly when the ligand of the NR is not clearly known or understood; ii. Identification of the ligands is important in the development of drugs and has led to a rise of different techniques each with known strengths a nd weaknesses (DeSantis et al. 2). Differential scanning technologies permit identification of conditions that improve the stability of proteins. The conversion from native to denatured protein is measured in relation to temperature changes. Two differential scanning techniques that can be used are scattering (Differential Scanning Light Scattering) or the fluorescence of an environmentally-sensitive dye (Differential Scanning Fluorescence – DSF). The techniques allow for the variation of a number of variables such as pH, salt, addition of small molecules (Schulman and Heyman 642). Cell conditions that result into a shift of proteins to higher denaturation temperature are identified as â€Å"stabilizing† conditions. This knowledge has been used to create conditions that are optimal for crystal growth (Vedadi et al., 2006). Other studies have used this technique to establish that peptides can shift the denaturation point of proteins to a higher temperature. This paper a ttempts to show that DSF can be used to successfully identify known interactors of the estrogen receptor ? (ER?) from a commercially available compound library. MATERIALS AND METHODS i. Reagents and instruments His6-hER? LDB (302-552) expression vector Terrific Broth IPTG EDTA-Free Protease Inhibitor Tablets Branson Sonifier 450 Ni-NTA Superflow ?-estradiol pET15b Sypro Orange, 5000X CFX96 Real-Time PCR System Nuclear Receptor Ligand Library BML-2802 ii. Methods The first step in this study was the

Zabeel Saray Hotel background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zabeel Saray Hotel background - Essay Example Hotels of this chain spread across the globe include Jumeirah Dhevanafushi which is in Maldives, Shanghai based Jumeirah Himalayas Hotel, Jumeirah Carlton Tower in London, Jumeirah Frankfurt Hotel in Germany, and Jumeirah Essex House which is a famous hotel in New York. Jumeirah Hospitality and the Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management are both organized by the Jumeirah Group. Currently, Jumeirah hotels are in different countries including Jordan, Bermuda, Thailand, the UK and the USA. Although the prime function of the Jumeirah Group is operation of resorts and luxury hotels, yet the Group extends its functions to include management of the Jumeirah Living and of serviced residences that include but are not limited to the spa brand Talise, Jumeirah Group’s restaurant division, Jumeirah Retail and the Wild Wadi Waterpark. â€Å"Whenever you stay with us or use any of our services, our aim is for you to come away with a sense of the Jumeirah spirit - a genuinely caring and personal service† (Lawless, 2011). Jumeirah Zabeel Saray is one of the hotels of the Jumeirah hotel chain which is located in the West Crescent, Palm Jumeirah in Dubai. It is on one of the exotic private beaches of Dubai in the vicinity of the Emirates Golf Club and the Dubai Marina Mall. At Jumeirah Zabeel Saray, customers enjoy â€Å"unparalleled luxury, [are] introduced to the royalty of the Ottoman Empire and sure enough get fascinated by the unrivaled hospitality† (Dubaishortstay.com, 2012). The speciality of Jumeirah Zabeel Saray is that it provides its customers with a wonderful experience of a walk on the sand beach in the sun along with all the luxuries conventionally provided by the Jumeirah hotel chain. â€Å"Spend the day at the beach and work on your tan with sun loungers (chaise longues) or relax in the shade with umbrellas† (Hotels.com, 2012). Jumeirah Zabeel Sarah has five restaurants in total.

Writing Workshop Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Workshop Paper - Essay Example In this method, students are exposed to different forms of writings and genre, in order to evaluate their proficiency and give appropriate recommendations. In addition, writing workshops allows teachers to meet the needs of individual student according to their weaknesses and strength. This paper presents a proposal on how to incorporate a writing workshop in the classroom. The writing workshop must have a predictable structure, regular time and a workman-like atmosphere for writing. This implies that activities of a writer’s workshop should have a definite time schedule that is accompanied by a realistic list of expectations and outcomes (Trachsel, 2005). The schedule is analogous to a classroom or a lesson timetable. My writer’s workshop will have a program that is spread across five days and according to available tasks. The basic steps of the writer’s workshop (WW) will be: 5 days a week 60 minutes per day Mini-lesson Writing time Author’s chair To ach ieve the objectives, the classroom will require having a special setup that facilitates the writing exercise. Firstly, we will need to label one of the corners of the classroom as the writing workshop. Students will then be required to arrange their chair and desk in a row formant in order to facilitate the exercise. Secondly, the WW will require books, which the student will use for the exercise.

Ahmedabad: History, Culture and Growth

Ahmedabad: History, Culture and Growth Ahmedabad is the largest city in the state of Gujarat. It is located in western India on the banks of the River Sabarmati. The city has been under different rulers since its creation and thus had a rich history. The city has been a former capital of Gujarat and has been the home to most important leaders of India like Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel during the Indian independence movement. Ahmedabad is also the cultural and economical centre of Gujarat and the seventh largest city of India. (Wikipedia) Origin of Name Although fondly called Amdavad by the locals here, there is a very interesting legend associated with the city of Ahmedabad. Towards the beginning of the fifteenth century, the state of Gujarat was ruled by the Muslim Muzaffarid dynasty. Legend has it that once when the Sultan, Ahmed Shah was standing on the banks of river Sabarmati and he noticed a tiny hare chasing a strong ferocious dog. He kept pondering over it. He approached his spiritual advisor and asked for an explanation. The wise man said that, it was the uniqueness of the land that cultivated such rare qualities in people. After having heard this, the Sultan got so impressed that he decided to set his capital in that same location and called it Ahmedabad after himself. Early History Archaeological evidence also points to the occupation of the site from a much earlier period than that of Sultan Ahmed Shah. It was known in ancient times as Ashapalli or Ashaval. In the eleventh century the Solanki King Karandev I, ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a war against the Bhil king of Ashaval. After his victory he established a city called Karnavati on the banks Sabarmati at the site of modern Ahmedabad. Solanki rule lasted until the thirteenth century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dwarka. (Wikipedia) Muzaffarid Dynasty On founding the city in 1411, Ahmed Shah invited merchants and traders to the new city, which became a prosperous commercial, trading and industrial city, with textiles as its most important products. Wealthy Hindu and Jain merchants made up the commercial class dominating the community, eventually as the oldest and most established families, while Muslims were the skilled weavers working for them and (until Maratha rule) the government officials ultimately ruling them. (Joshi, 2004). Ahmed Shah built some of the still existing monuments that are spread across the city. JAMA MASJID, TEEN DARWAZA It is the largest mosque in Ahmedabad and stands in the heart of the city. Made by using yellow sandstones in 1423 AD, the architecture of this mosque is a blend of Hindu and Muslim styling. This edifice was built using items rescued from the demolished Hindu and Jain temples. Supported by 260 pillars, the Jama Masjid of Ahmedabad consists of 15 domes. There are different entrances to the mosque. Near the eastern entrance, stands the tomb of the Sultan Ahmed Shah, which houses the graveyard of three great rulers, namely Ahmed Shah I, his son, Mohammed Shah and his grandson, Qutub-Ud-Din Ahmed Shah II. The strong structure of this mosque has been able to withstand the pressure exerted by heat and rough weather. TEEN DARWAZA Teen Darwaza is an architectural marvel, the beauty of which is surely going to leave you awestruck. Consisting of gorgeous arched gates, Teen Darwaza is one of the longest as well as the oldest gateways of the Ahmedabad city. It was established in the year 1411 A.D. by Sultan Ahmed Shah, who founded the city of Ahmedabad. Lying adjacent to the famous Bhadra fort, Teen Darwaza has been intricately carved. Initially, it served as an entrance to Royal Square at Bhadra Fort. The great Mughal emperor Jahangir used to come here along with his beloved wife Noorjahan, to take a look at the procession that started from this grand gateway and went nonstop till Jama Masjid. The walls and pillars of Teen Darwaza are beautifully designed. Teen Darwaza of Ahmedabad, India is truly an epitome of the fine Islamic architecture. The windows of this fabulous monument are semi circular and adorned using mesh work. The central window depicts the tree of life. Five palm trees are shown that are covered with snakes. This portrayal also serves as the symbol of the Gujarat Government. This regal citadel is one of the most sought after tourist destinations in Ahmedabad. (http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/monuments/teen-darwaza.html) BADSHAHS TOMB, MANEKCHOWK In the middle of the busy street market and the popular food bazaar of Manekchowk, sleeps Sultan Ahmed Shah at the Badshah no Hajiro. The tomb( Badshah-no Hajiro) of Ahmed Shah; the founder of the city, situated just outside the east gate of the Jama Masjid, is square in shape with porticos on each side and has perforated stone windows. Women are not allowed into the central chamber. Opposite the Hajiro, across the main road is the Rani-no Hajiro where the queens of subsequent Sultans were buried. (http://www.chhotikarbala.org/siteseeingplace.htm) Descendants of royal musicians still play the shehnai here. Around this monument is the citys traditional block prints bazaar. Sultanate Rule After Ahmed Shahs reign, Gujarat was conquered by the Sultanate of Delhi at the end of the thirteenth century. In 1487 Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer city wall six miles in circumference and consisting of 12 gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements to protect it from outside invaders. The last Sultan of Ahmedabad was Muzaffar II. (Wikipedia) Even the Sultans built impressive structure and contributed to the culture of the place. Since, Ahmed Shah had already taken the initiative of making Ahmedabad a prosperous city, groups of skilled artisans, merchants etc. were formed. Social institutions to safeguard various economic interests included the mahajans, guilds of merchants, and panches, guilds for artisans. The leader of the community, who came from the Jain business elites, was known as the nagarsheth, who would resolve disputes between mahajans and individuals and who interceded with royal officials. Under the nagarsheth, the city remained free from interference from the state or other powers. (Joshi, 2004) The society in itself was multi-cultural ranging from a strong Jain group to Hindus and Muslims. SIDI SYED MOSQUE, LAL DARWAZA Located near Lal Darwaza in Ahmedabad, the mosque of Sidi Sayed is one of the most prominent mosques in the Ahmedabad city. Constructed in the year 1573, the mosque was established by Sidi Sayed, a slave of Sultan Ahmed Shah. Sidi Sayed mosque in Ahmedabad, India consists of ten semi circular windows, the appeal of which is accentuated by the splendid mesh covering them, which is more popularly known as Jali. AZAM KHAN-MUAZZAM KHAN KA ROZA According to experts, the Azam Khan-Muazzam Khan ka Roza is also known to be one of the earliest massive brick mausoleums of Ahmedabad, like Darya Khan Ghummat in Shahibaug and is known to be built around 1457. This is more or less the only structure of its type in Ahmedabad and often compared to Mughal architecture with its double corridors, which are often compared to Humayuns tomb. ROZA, SARKHEJ Lying at a stretch of 8 kms on the south western side of Ahmedabad, Sarkhej Roza was the home of the spiritual leader of Sultan Ahmed Shah named Ahmed Kattu Gang Baksh, who was a Muslim religious leader. It contains a cluster of monuments, the origin of which can be dated back to the times of Mughal rule in Ahmedabad. (http://www.ahmedabad.org.uk/monuments/sarkhej-roza.html) KANKARIA LAKE A circular lake built in 1451 by Sultan Qutub-ud-Din. In the centre of the lake is an island garden with a summer palace known as Nagina Wadi. It has a very beautiful Musical Fountain show (although the music isnt too good, the lights and fountain are worth a trip). The lake is a popular recreation centre surrounded by parks, Bal Vatika an aquarium, a boat club, a natural history museum and a zoo. Mughal Rule After the power of the Delhi Sultans faded, Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1573. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the empires thriving centres of trade, especially in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. Jehangir, son of Akbar, visited Ahmedabad in 1617 but did not like it and called it Gardabad, the city of dust. Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, and also built the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. (Joshi, 2004) For centuries, the city existed without depending on feudal lords or patronage from a single court. An efficient system of lending, banking, credit and accounting developed, and Ahmedabad financiers developed a sophisticated banking network across the country. They were influential in the Mughal Court and loaned money to the ruling classes through the 16th and 17th centuries. (Joshi, 2004) The people of the city prospered and they were quite self-sufficient by all means. Because of this economic strength of the city, when the British came to Ahmedabad, there was no particular involvement from their side towards the social fabric and they just kept themselves to administering the region. SHAHIBAUG PALACE Shahibaug Palace was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, who as prince Khurram spent the early years of his marriage in Ahmedabad as victory of Gujarat. SHAKING MINARETS, SARANGPUR At the Sidi Bashir mosque, if you shake one minaret, the other also shakes. Scientists say, the acid in the atmosphere dissolves the feldspar in the sandstone, creating space which shakes the minarets. Feudal lord Malik Sarang built this mosque. More commonly known as Jhulta Minar. A classic example of superb craftsmanship, Jhulta Minar is actually a part of the mosque Siddi Bashir. Maratha Rule In the year 1753, the rule of Mughals came to an end and the city came under the rule of Maratha generals Raghunath Rao and Damaji Gaekwad. The power struggle between them eventually led to the destruction of the city. British Rule The city was taken over by the British East India Company in the year 1818. The year 1824 led to the setting up of a military cantonment. A major development took place in the year 1864, when railway line was laid that connected Ahmedabad with Bombay. These developments brought Ahmedabad in the map of leading centers of trade and manufacturing. The textile Industry flourished and Ahmedabad was soon referred to as the Manchester of the East. It is interesting to note that inspite of their reign in the region, one does not find too many of remenants of colonialism. SWAMINARAYAN TEMPLE, KALUPUR The British gave land to the Swaminarayan sect to build a temple in 1800. The 12 pillars of this colourful temple disguise carvings of the first war of independence of 1857. HATHISINGH TEMPLE, SHAHIBAUG Sheth Hathisingh, Ahmedabads nagarsheth (city head) in 19th century planned this temple in 1840. His wife Harkuvar Shethani got it completed after his death. It combines Solanki, Islamic and Jain styles. An impressive white structure, the Jain temple built of white marble and elaborately carved is dedicated to Dharmanath the 15th Jina or Jain Apostle. Similar to all Jain temples, this temple to is rich in intricate carvings displaying, among other things, musicians. MAGANBHAIS HAVELI, KHADIA This was the home of famous mill owner Ambalal Sarabhais grandfather, Maganbhai Karamchand. This wood-carved 19th century haveli used to have Belgian chandeliers and German glass artifacts. Maganbhai had no son so he adopted his daughters son Sarabhai. GANDHI ASHRAM, SABARMATI Mahatma Gandhis nephew Maganlal Gandhi built this Satyagraha Ashram in 1917. The memorial and library were built by famous architect Charles Correa. Gandhis Dandi March to protest against British salt laws in 1930 began here. Post Independence The post independence period saw the declaration of Ahmedabad as a provincial town of Bombay. On the 1st of May in the year 1960, Ahmedabad became the capital city of Gujarat. SCIENCE CITY Located off the Sarkhej Gandhinagar Highway, Science City is an ambitious initiative of the government of Gujarat to trigger an inquiry of science in the mind of a common citizen with the aid of entertainment and experiential knowledge. Covering an area of more than 107 hectares, the idea is to create imaginative exhibits, virtual reality activity corners, and live demonstrations in an easily understandable manner. Currently the 3D Imax theater, musical dancing fountain, energy park and simulation rides interest visitors. It is hoped that as this place develops, the investment helps to create awareness and sensitivity to better care for our ecology and people through the appropriate use of science and technology. HUSSAIN-DOSHIS GUFFA A quiet refuge in the midst of this bustling city, which is surrounded by trees, art and fantasy, than a visit to this underground cave gallery will do you good. Also popularly known as Amdavad ni Gufa on Kasturbhai Lalbhai campus. It is a creative union of two of Indias most imaginative minds, the celebrated architect B. V. Doshi and painter M F Hussain. It is a lively whimsical fusion of modern art and natural design with undulating interconnected domes inlaid with mosaic tiles. This space also houses an art gallery by the same name and becomes a nourishing hub of creative exchange. Although the above mentioned is just a capsule of the history of the city, it gives one an idea of the various factors that influence the culture of Ahmedabad. During our talks with the people of the SCR, we figured out that the history of the city was very much alive. Some of the structures near the Teen Darwaza area of the old city are still used for living and business purposes. The Teen Darwaza area is pretty much the heart of the city with its bazaar of yore still very much alive even today. A lot of these monuments have spawned areas with shops and small stalls to buy almost anything and everything these days. The Sunday Jhumri on the banks of River Sabarmati is another feature of historical relevance A bazaar that happens once a week on a holiday where tradesmen get together and sell their wares. The co-existance of this with the latest shopping malls amongst other things is what makes Ahmedabad unique. People are very proud of their heritage and lineage. One will find the old existing side by side the new. The influence of History on the culture of the city from business to behaviour (like taking ownership), food (like the Bhatiyaar galli meat markets) to traditional clothing (like at law garden) and so on can clearly be seen. It is a fascinating and vibrant city with an even more interesting sub-culture. Change Drivers Nothing endures but change. (Heraclitus) The culture of the city of Ahmedabad has also grown with times and a lot of changes have happened over the years as well. During our research and interaction with people, we found that although certain aspects continue to remain the same, some others have resulted in a change or have influenced change in some way or the other. There have been changes in the past 2 decades since liberalization. Some of them are as follows : Mall culture Increased standard of education Higher standard of living Growing middle-class Entrepreneurial success Media exposure and awareness NRI factor Infrastructure development Progressive governance etc. The above mentioned factors have changed a lot of things from empowering woman to changing of consumption pattern which will be discussed in detail further in the report. Current trends There have been plenty of changes in the city for the past couple of decades. With the advent of mall culture, higher education institutes and better infrastructure, Ahmedabad has caught up with the pace of modernisation and forged its way ahead to become one of the most important cities of India. With globalisation, Ahmedabad has also taken steps to keep up with global standards. The Science city, ISRO and educational institutes like IIM-A, NID, CEPT and the likes have firmly placed Ahmedabad as not just a destination for culture but for quality higher education as well. Developments in the field of education and IT have been taking place on one hand and one the other infrastructure developments like construction of better roads, highways and the government initiatives to make Ahmedabad a city with a high standard of living have all ushered in a new era. Even with a lot of urban culture and western culture coming in, Amdavadis are still very much rooted to their culture and heritage. They have conveniently adopted the new without losing essence of their true identity and what makes them different.

The Benefits of Attending an Inner-City School :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Advantages of Attending an Inner-City School Imagine having a gun stare you straight in the face. What do you do? How do you react? Luckily most people do not have to face a situation like this in their lives. However, this happened to me once while walking to my high school which is located in the middle of a large city. Another young man who was walking past me decided to show off in front of his friends and show them how "manly" he really was. Without saying a word, he walked up to me and began punching me. Once I began fighting back, he pulled out a gun and pointed it straight at me. After seeing this, I ran as fast as I could towards my school, hearing the group of boys laughing hysterically behind me. While this occurrence by no means typifies St. Ignatius High School, going to school did prove to be dangerous at times. While most people hold the belief that inner-city schools can only hinder the learning process, I would argue that these schools provide experiences which enrich one's education simply because of their loc ation in the city. To clarify this point, I must first describe the ways in which Saint Ignatius High School is different from the typical inner-city school. Most people define inner-city schools as institutions which are in the city and have a comparatively inferior education system. This private, Catholic institution consists mostly of white students who come from wealthy families. Although Saint Ignatius is in the city, it also gives its students one of the best educations in the state. In fact, the surrounding city contrasts the school in almost every way. Robberies and fights occur almost daily in this poor area of the city. Mexicans make up the majority of the residents in the surrounding neighborhood. The minute I stepped off the campus of the school, I realized I had entered an entirely new world. Society usually tends to focus on the negative side of inner-city schools. Many people like to stereotype these schools which, while these generalizations may be true in some cases, tend to be exaggerated most of the time. People think that the students of these schools receive inferior educations. My school is regarded as one of the best in the state. People also believe that violence occurs on a daily basis, both in the school itself and in the surrounding city.

Bauhaus School

Das Bauhaus Jeremy Hart German Civilization 2320 Professors Cook, Kopp, and Prager March 6, 2013 The Bauhaus, a revolutionary school of art and craft founded by Walter Gropius in 1919, stands today as an important influence on postmodern art and architecture. It is also the namesake of its own movement; which is characterized by severely economic and geometric designs and a functional view of materials. To truly understand the origins of the Bauhaus and the importance of its modern implications, we must first know about the influences that its founder relied on. The Vienna Secession was formed in Austria in 1897.The secessionist artists attempted to create their own style that had no clear relation to any historical eras. Paired with this avant-garde approach, they relied on more pure geometric designs to produce their art. The geometric approach to art proved to have lasting effects on Gropius and his contemporaries. The Werkbund was the German model of the Vienna Secession. Founded in 1907, the 12 artists and 12 industrialists who comprised it aimed to infuse industry with modern and functional designs. These designs would both foster efficiency and function and be free of traditional elements and ornamentation.A leading artist in the Werkbund named Peter Behrens was Gropius’ mentor and employer. Along with Belgian painter Henry van de Velde, the two men were Gropius’ main influences in forming the Bauhaus. In the Bauhaus manifesto he wrote in 1919, Gropius vows to return artists to the deep seat of creativity that rests in the handicrafts, and bring together an unbiased consortium of artists who would dictate architectural style to the modern world: â€Å"By the grace of Heaven and in rare moments of inspiration which transcend the will, art may unconsciously blossom from the labour of is hand, but a base in handicrafts is essential to every artist. It is there that the original source of creativity lies. Let us therefore create a new guild of craftsmen without the class-distinctions that raise an arrogant barrier between craftsmen and artists! Let us desire, conceive, and create the new building of the future together. It will combine architecture, sculpture, and painting in a single form, and will one day rise towards the heavens from the hands of a million workers as the crystalline symbol of a new and coming faith. In the latter half of this passage, Gropius is expressing a Utopian vision that encompasses the general public: â€Å"†¦building of the future together†¦from the hands of a million workers. † The new styles would not be just for artists, but their work would be accessible to everyone. The nature of the designs would be streamlined and simple to they could be mass-produced. The art would not only be of interest and use to a niche audience but to the majority, so they could appreciate its function and efficiency When the new conservative government of Weimar withdrew support for the Bauhaus in 1925, it found a new home in Dessau.Out of the new home in Dessau came the radical changes in style and material of everyday items, such as tea infusers, office chairs, and table lamps. Most importantly perhaps, the Bauhaus in Dessau was the home of the first workshop for architecture, the key Gropius outlined in his manifesto that would serve as the medium for infusing function and creativity into everyday applications. The new architecture would be the first tangible contributions to industry. Prior to this point, Germany had been in the midst of a severe economic crisis brought on by World War I.Now that there was money to be spent, new innovations in architecture began to become the standard in the modern industrial world. The first chance the new school had to prove itself, quite ironically, was by building itself. The school was to be constructed following mostly Gropius’ designs, now commonplace features of Bauhaus architecture: flat roofs, lack of ornamentation, an d strict geometric lines. The first true revolution in architecture for which the Bauhaus is credited came in the form of the workers’ housing areas.Architect and Gropius contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe organized an exhibition for architects to design a modern solution for worker housing, with only one rule that each building have a flat roof. Unfortunately no groundbreaking design was hatched, but the designs helped change the culture of architecture forever. The Bauhaus was already establishing itself as a symbol of progressive art and architecture. Following the architectural and industrial boom in Germany, the Bauhaus relocated to America in 1933, fleeing Hitler and the Nazis.New director Laszlo Moholy-Nagy founded the New Bauhaus in Chicago. The spirit of innovation that marked the original Bauhaus was just as prevalent here as New Bauhaus students developed breakthroughs in photography, film, and the use of materials. In America, the Bauhaus style is still influen cing the gamut of industrial design, from towering skyscrapers that seem to be built entirely out of glass, to ‘wiggle chairs’ actually made completely of cardboard. Ultimately, postmodernists and modernists stand starkly opposed when it comes to the necessary attributes and function of designs and art.Postmodern culture was born out of a disregard for modernist minimalism, arguably a style perpetuated if not championed by Bauhaus theory. So one can say modernism is the de facto reason for postmodernism’s existence. The practitioners of postmodernism sought to revive theories from previous centuries that appealed to the human need for comfort for the body and beauty for the eye. The true similarity between the two movements was the importance of function. Both schools of thought believed art and architecture specifically should serve to promote the building’s function. The true difference lies in aesthetics.So in the same way we attribute postmodern styles to high art of years past, we can also attribute Bauhaus styles to the past. Gropius’ vision of a return to purer geometric forms, a proclivity for functional efficiency, and respect for materials exemplifies this. We see the strong disjunction between modern (Bauhaus) and postmodern style as the latter reacting to the former. Making this connection lets us argue that modernism and postmodernism are actually two aspects of the same movement, and thus shows us that the free-thinking, subjective aspects of postmodernism owe their creation to the logical, analytical aspects of its predecessor.Works Referenced Bauhaus Museum. www. bauhausmuseum. com/history/manifesto Bauhaus School. March 4, 2013. http://thebauhaus. org/thebauhaus/ Chicago Bauhaus and Beyond. March 4, 2013. www. chicagobauhausbeyond. org Exhibit Bauhaus. March 4, 2013. http://bengal. missouri. edu/~kuhlerd/art327/index. html Roger Cook. Class notes. http://germanciv. missouri. edu/2320/bauhaus/index. html

A Quick Guide to Effective Email - Formality

A Quick Guide to Effective Email - Formality I will confess to being an overly formal emailer. I stick with professional titles and last names longer than I need to, I continue using salutations and closing phrases even in a conversational chain, and I can’t seem to stop signing off with â€Å"best† or â€Å"regards† and second guessing my use of exclamation points. This has all been exacerbated by teaching college students as an adjunct- their instant informality, use of text-speak, and round the clock emails make me want to crawl inside a mailbox and never come out. Lucky for me, the folks at Social-Hire.com have some guidance for the overthinkers among us who are composing job application emails. Come across as too stiff, and you’re a bad fit for the office culture. Too informal, and you lack the poise and polish they expect from an employee. What to do?First ContactLook carefully at the website of the company that you’re applying to work for. Have employees contributed bios? Does it sound like a person or a marketing firm drafted the copy? Does anyone link to their social media profiles? Let the formal or relaxed tone of your email match what you see on their site.SeniorityThough many companies encourage an informal persona, a more formal approach is always preferable  if you’re writing to a senior employee or a hiring manager. Play it safe by starting with â€Å"Dear† and using whatever professional title you’re aware of (Dr., Mr., Ms.- don’t get cute with â€Å"Miss† or â€Å"Mrs.†). You never know how that might rub someone the wrong way. Use their full name, and end with â€Å"Best,†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sincerely,† or â€Å"Thank you.†RepliesOH THANK GOODNESS, any reply that’s not outright dismissive tells you that you did something correctly! Let their attitude guide yours- match your response’s relaxation to theirs. Don’t overdo it! My students make the misstep of taking a brief, speed y response from me as a sign they can write back with emojis and â€Å"sup† and â€Å"Thank uuuuuuuu.†Keep in mind this is American-centered advice- companies in a variety of cultural context may approach their email communications very differently.So to sum up:Err on the side of formality.Let them take the lead.Don’t drop your guard too quickly!Happy emailing! Now take that inspirational quote out of your signature.Job Application Advice: How Formal Should Your Email Be?Read More at www.social-hire.com

How To Choose The Right Marketing Tools With Scott Brinker

How To Choose The Right Marketing Tools With Scott Brinker Technology is supposed to help, not frustrate or overwhelm us. Do you struggle with using, choosing, or consolidating marketing technology tools? Marketers tend to love or hate specific tools. Is your favorite on Chiefmartec’s 2019 Marketing Technology Landscape Supergraphic? If not, there are more than 7,000 tools to consider. Which should you use? What to look for? Who should make the decision? Today, my guest is Scott Brinker, vice president of Platform Ecosystem at HubSpot and editor at Chiefmartec.com. He suggests various strategies for selecting tools, so you don’t have to reinvent the wheel. Purpose: Persuade marketing executives to pay attention to the intermingling of personalities and passions between marketers and technologists Categories Covered: Advertising Promotion, Content Experience, Social Relationships, Commerce Sales, Data, and Management Where to begin? Get clear on foundational systems (CRM, email, content management system, etc.) Significant investment in time and learning; identify gaps to intentionally augment foundation with more specialized tools Ecosystems developed around major platforms can help narrow your choices Makeshift Marketing: Is it good enough? Pieces of the Puzzle: Focus on the capabilities you need Marketing department should identify point person/people to be responsible for operational infrastructure and technology of marketing Ecosystem Mission: Evolution of product, partners, and programs Links: Chiefmartecs 2019 Marketing Technology Landscape Supergraphic Scott Brinker on Twitter MarTech – The Marketing Technology Conference HubSpot Salesforce Marketo Creating Predictable Growth Is Not A Hack With Kieran Flanagan From HubSpot [AMP 126] How To Overcome Makeshift Marketing With New Marketing Superpowers If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Scott Brinker: â€Å"You’re becoming more dependent on technology to execute your mission.† â€Å"It’s not designed as a tool to help people hone in on what tools they should use.† â€Å"You could probably count on one hand, these fundamental systems that are the heart of your marketing technology stack.† â€Å"Marketers don’t have the time, or necessarily, even the skillsto be in the integration business.†

'The distinction between the threat from terrorism and the threat from Essay

'The distinction between the threat from terrorism and the threat from organised crime is frequently blurred'. Critically discuss this statement - Essay Example The terms terrorism and organized crime have been generally considered to be of activities having different objectives and features. Yet recent incidents have proven the active involvement of the terrorists in the organized crime and vice versa. For the sake of defining the terms, the organized crime could be called as the illegal activities performed under an organized set up intended to make profit. Where as terrorism is rather political or religious oriented crime with political objectives and involve in sabotage and other activities that would intimidate or kill a large number of people. Terrorism manifests itself standing for fighting religious, political, social and economic inequalities and exploitation. (Ghosh S.K., 1995 p.6) Almost every nation at least for a single time has confronted with certain internal or external subversive movements. Obviously every government leaves some people unsatisfied during their regime. Today terrorism and organized crime are the two sides of the same coin which can not be separated since they are having certain similarities and difference in their activities. The recent investigations have brought out the hidden linkage between the terrorist groups and transnational organized criminals. According to L.I. Shelley (2002) today terrorism and transnational crime are the two central threats to our national and international threat. He describes the linkage of the two as follows; both use the similar mean to exploit the modern technology; use the same operators and same systems to move their fund; both are running a good network; and terrorists also involve in crime in order to meet fund for their activities. According to the general concept terrorism is aiming at certain changes in the political scenario. Whereas organized crime looks at fiscal benefits through the illegal means. (Schmid P., 2006.p.3). The definition seems to be rather weak in the present global scenario because the real objective of the modern

Thinking machine response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Thinking machine response - Essay Example According to Pinker, the mind works in a computational manner by processing representations in an algorithmic and rule controlled manner. Pinker notes that cognitive science has made it possible to study intelligence. It is difficult to define intelligence, but it is seeable. Intelligence is a measure of achieving goals under difficulties by undertaking sound decisions based on set rules. These set of rules provide a base for confirming or proving whether the decisions carried out are intelligent or not. Humans, according to Pinker, stand to learn a lot about the reasoning process and intelligence through computing machines. Intelligence gets derived from information and not from the spirit or a special substance. Pinker counters other definitions of intelligence forwarded by other thinkers such as those from the school of behaviorism who state that intelligence gets described in terms of desires and belief (Pinker 526). Pinker (536) uses the Turing machine to advance the computational theory of mind. He explains how a machine that can carry out rational thought can get built. The Turing machine processed symbols intelligently to provide data following set definitions, yet it was just an arrangement of gadgets. According to Pinker, the mind works in a similar way. The computational model of thinking states that the mind has representations, which it processes in a rule controlled and algorithmic way (Pinker 541). But it does not imply that the mind is similar to a machine. According to Pinker, unlike a single general purpose computer, the mind is a collection of computers which he refers to as ‘mental organs’. These ‘organs’ all carry out specialized subject matter, and each has its own learning mechanism. Pinker’s computational theory of mind offers selling points and others that can get argued as untrue. The first advantage is that it explains how a collection of matter such as the brain or computers can be intelligent. The

Six Thousand Women Missing in Top Management Jobs Assignment

Six Thousand Women Missing in Top Management Jobs - Assignment Example A sizeable proportion of women is not being seen at the top echelons of management in public, private or legal bodies. The phenomenon is being observed across nations despite the development index or political ideology and is also not specific to certain sectors but is spread across sectors with some variations. Equal Opportunity Commission recently in a study (as cited by Curtis 2007) informed that the glass ceiling is holding back women in Britain from top 6000 positions to attain the representative proportion. A survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2006) showed that in Cyprus, women hold only 12 % of the top executive positions. African women hold only 0.9% of key management positions and the world over the average percentage of women ranges between 10% and less on both sides of the Atlantic. (Mnganga, 2003). Most of these studies also observed that women are entering the workforce with equal qualifications but progress to top echelons is hampered. International Labour Organisation ( ILO) noted in its proceedings (ILO, 1998) that "women's access to top management posts was still severely restricted though they frequently matched or exceeded their male counterparts in terms of formal qualifications and technical know-how". There are three issues attached to this phenomenon requiring incisive inquiry. Where do these women disappear & what happens to them Does it matter and to whom What should be done, if it matters Where do these women disappear & what happens to them Women are valued if they take care of family responsibilities and vice versa. Working mothers try to balance work and family. Visible and often invisible barriers emerge from the sexual division of labor. The work culture also has a long inheritance of male dominance, which celebrates masculine qualities nested in late hours, old boy's network and informal networks. (ILO, 1998). The task of balancing both the worlds take its toll and many women start treading on a stagnated path and do not actualize their potential. Some quit in between to remain at home and in the process strengthening the stereotyped role of women and probably not even fuelling the ambitions of next-generation daughters to conquer the sky. Though some of these women break away to form their own enterprises and studies suggest that these enterprises do remarkably well. Only very few women succeed in breaking the glass ceiling. (Treanor, 2007; Bawden, 2007).  

Israeli Wars from 1948 to Present Essay Example for Free

Israeli Wars from 1948 to Present Essay The 1948 War of Independence, which took place between November 1947 and July 1949, was started by a 6 month civil war between Jewish and Arab militias at the end of the British mandate of Palestine. This turned into a regular war after the declaration of Independence and the intervention of several Arab armies. The five surrounding Arab nations i. e. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon with support from Saudi Arabia launched a coordinated attack on Israel from the land, sea and air. These countries were urged on by their leaders who assured them that they could return after all Jews had been driven out (Eisenberg 147). The Jews were, however, able to defeat Arab armies resulting in an armistice that was signed in 1949 signaling an end to the conflict. The Armistice agreements were signed between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. They established the armistice lines between Israel and the West Bank also known as the Green line. The Sinai War of 29th October 1956 involved a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France and Israel. Israeli troops invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula and quickly overcame opposition as they raced for the Suez Canal. Britain and France offered to temporarily occupy the Canal Zone and suggested a 10 mile buffer on either side to separate Egyptian forces from the Israelis. Egyptian President Nasser objected and on 31st October 1956, Egypt was attacked by Britain and France. Consequently, the Soviet Union threatened to attack on Egypt’s behalf but it took the intervention of U. S. President Eisenhower to get them to agree to a ceasefire. The war itself lasted for only a week with invading forces withdrawn within a month. The Six Day War took place in June 1967. It was fought between June 5th and June 10th. The war was against Syria, Jordan and Egypt as Israel believed that it was only a matter of time before the three Arab states attacked her. After the 1956 crisis, the United Nations (UN) had established a military presence in the Middle East but in 1967, Egypt made it clear that the UN was unwanted in the region. Israel viewed this as a sign that Egypt was preparing to attack and rather than wait to be hit, they launched a hugely successful military campaign against its perceived enemies. Following the war, the territory held by Israel expanded significantly and it now included the West Bank, Sinai, the Golan Heights and Gaza. The War of Attrition was a limited war that was fought between Israel and Egypt from 1967 to 1970. This war was initiated by Egyptians as a way of recapturing the Sinai from the Israelis who had been in control of the territory since the Six Day War. The Egyptian President believed that Israel would be unable to endure the economic burden and casualties of war. To this end, he ordered calibrated attacks on Israel which would not provoke an all out Israeli war response. The hostilities ended when a ceasefire was signed between the countries in 1970 with frontiers remaining in the same place as when the war began. The Yom Kippur War of 1973 is so called as it began on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), the holiest day of prayer and fasting in the Jewish calendar. This war is variously referred to as the October War. It started with a surprise Arab attack on Israel knowing that the military would be participating in religious celebrations. Israeli forces were initially overwhelmed but by October 8th, bolstered by reserves, they counter attacked in the Sinai. They managed to push back the Egyptian military. The United Nations organized a ceasefire on October 24th and in September 1975, Egypt and Israel signed an interim agreement. Still, there were no significant territorial changes. The First Lebanon War began on 6th June 1982 when Israeli forces invaded Southern Lebanon. The government launched military operations after an assassination attempt against Israel’s ambassador to the U. K. by a mercenary organization opposed to the PLO. Israel then attacked the PLO as well as Syrian and Muslim Lebanese forces before they occupied Southern Lebanon. The war ended after three years in 1985 when Israel stabilized in the safety strap lengthwise along the border. The Second Lebanon War was sparked when Hezbollah guerillas ambushed an Israeli patrol on the border on July 12 2006. Israel’s Prime Minister Ehud Olmert declared his intention to free the captives and remove Hezbollah from Southern Lebanon forever and thus began an ultimately inconclusive month long war. During the short conflict, Israel lost 119 soldiers and 43 civilians whilst Lebanese civilians bore the brunt of the war with more than 1000 killed. The UN Security Council unanimously approved UN Resolution 1701 on 11th August 2006 to end hostilities.

European Union State Aid Control Economics Essay

European Union State Aid Control Economics Essay European Union Agreement signed in Maastricht in November 1993 and this agreement generated the European Union. EU aims to modernize the European economy and to be able to compete with strong players like USA in the world market by making inventions, encouraging trade investments and at the same time making the European education system suitable to meet the needs of information society. To reach these targets EU accepts using state aids if necessary. This paper aims to represent European Union State Aid practices and State Aid Control by benefiting from concepts of efficiency, equity, welfare, public interest, compatibility and market failure. State Aids expresses any aid from state resources to public enterprises and private enterprises. State Aids emerges as a kind of cohesiveness policy. Generally the main purpose of the EU state aid policies is to help the achievement of common market. In addition EU aims to correct any imbalances by helping less favoured regions and providing st ructural measures to industrial sectors which are faced with difficulties. Key words: European Union, State Aid, Competition, Trade JEL classification: K20, K21, L53, P45 Historical Process of European Union Ä °n the first middle of the 20th century, Continental Europe had become desolated by the Second World War. During the war people who against the totalitarian regimes wanted to end this hatred and decide to generate the conditions of peace. Between1945 and 1950, a group of states man including Robert Schuman and Winston Churchill traced a new structure which depends on common interest and guaranteeing equality between countries by legal regulations. Robert Schuman proposed to establish European Coal and Steel Community in 1950; the idea was firstly put forward by Jean Monnet. Nations -which have been fight once- would come together with the establishment of this community and as the raw materials of war, coal and steel become tools of peace and reconciliation in a symbolic way. The agreement proposed in 1950 and signed in 1951 in Paris. The main purpose of the agreement was making peace between the winner and looser nations of Europe and brings them together by an economic way. After that agreement in March 1957 the establisher six nations of European Coal and Steel Community (Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and Netherlands) decide to establish European Economic Community which is a more broad based common market including every goods and services. Custom procedures had been removed in July 1968 and instead there had generated common policies especially about trade and agriculture in 1960s. (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ) As a result of the success of this initiative Denmark, Ireland and United Kingdom decided to join the community in 1973. Therefore the number of member nations increased from 6 to 9. At the same time new social and environmental policies started to be implemented. The economic recession which has seen in the early 1980s make Community member to establish the Common Market. At the beginning of 1993 it has been started to implement. In addition European Union Agreement signed in Maastricht in November 1993 and this agreement generated the European Union. European Union started to present the Euro as a currency unit for non-cash financial transactions in 1999. Three years later Euro issued in 12 countries that are named as Euro Zone. Now Euro is a main currency in all over the world like American Dollars (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ). European Union adopted new Lisbon Strategy to modernize the European economy and to be able to compete with strong players like USA in the world market. Lisbon Strategy aimed to make inventions, encourage trade investments and at the same time make the European education system suitable to meet the needs of information society. A country aiming to join the European Union must have working a market economy and capacity to compete with pressure of competition in union and difficulties of the market according to Copenhagen Criteria  [1]  . European Union is a union of 27 members now. Turkey made application for membership in 1987. In 1999 accepted as candidate by member states. Then Turkeys full membership negotiations have started in 2005. Beyond being a confederation of countries European Union is a unique structure but it is not a federal government too. It is a new formation and does not enter any legal category. Negotiations are known as primary legislation and primary legislation underlies the secondary legislation which has impact on the daily lives of citizens. Basically secondary legislation consists of regulations and directives adopted by the EU institutions. In addition to the general policies these laws are the result of decisions taken by three EU institutional triangles that is consists of council of EU, European Parliament and European Commission. European Council represents national governments, European Parliament represents citizens and European Commission looks for EU benefits and is an independent organization from EU governments. Members of EU Commission are assigned for a period of 5 years with an agreement between the Member States, depends on the approval of European Parliament. The Commission is responsible to the Parliament, however uses its authority independently with a certain extent. Because its duty is to protect the common interest, the commission should not be instructed from any EU member (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ). It is the duty of commission to ensure the implementation of regulations and instruction in the member nations and if the commission finds it necessary it has the right to convey any member to the Court of Justice. The commission promulgates the decisions as is the administrative unit that was made by European Council. It has broad authority to conduct the common policies of European Union like research, development, technology, foreign investment and regional development. European Union has economic, social, financial and regulative duties in a wide range of political area. These political areas: Cooperation policies in regional, agricultural and social areas (it is known as adaptation policies) Innovation projects that are bearing the wide range of technologies like environmental protection, research, development and energy (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ). The Union reserves over 120 billion euro for these policies annually as budget. The majority of this budget is being paid by member states and this budget is a small part of common wealth of European Union. State Aids expresses any aid from state resources to public enterprises and private enterprises. State Aids emerges as a kÄ ±nd of cohesiveness policy. Generally the main purpose of the EU state aid policies is to help the achievement of common market. In addition EU aims to correct any imbalances by helping less favoured regions and providing structural measures to industrial sectors which are faced with difficulties. Regional competition and employment subjects are very important in the cohesiveness policies. The purpose is to increase the competition, employment and charm of the underdevelopment areas. The only way to accomplish is to foresee the economic and social changes and contribute innovation, entrepreneurship, protection of environment and accessibility of comprehensive labour markets, the ability to adopt and development (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ). Common Market Common market has been established in January 1993. Healthy competition policy of EU is based on the Treaty of Rome. And it is the vital rational of rules of free trade. Policies of the common market is being implemented by Commission and the Commission is responsible for the reputation these policies with the Court of Justice simultaneously. The reason of having this policy is to prevent the free competition of any agreement between the commercial activities, any aid from public authorities or any unfair monopoly in the common market. Any agreement that is not compatible with the EU agreement must be proclaimed to commission by interested parties or firms. The commission has the right to impose punishment to parties which violate the competition rules or stand without required notification. Receiving any illegal state aid or not notificating such an aid can be claimed to give back by the commission. If one firm is being dominant because of an acquisition or a merger, this situation must be notificated to the commission (Fontaine, P. (Ed.). (2010). AB Nedir? ). State Aids in the European Union The main economic target of EU is to generate a barrier free internal market between member states. The most effective equipment used by the union is competition rules to achieve this target. In addition to this the main target of competition policy of European Union is to generate a well-functioning internal market of Europe which dominated by market forces by preventing acts that are accepted as breaking competition. Competition can be broken by private enterprises and by giving incentives by member states to intervene the economy. As mentioned above, EU legislation on State Aid prohibits State Aids approves these aids as having impact on competition and incompatible with the internal market. State Aids do not have any specific description in terms of legislation of EU. However the basic provisions of state aids have been determined in Treaty of European Community (Treaty of Rome) article 87, 88, 89 and in Treaty of Lisbon article 107 and 108. The article 87 of Treaty of Rome prohi bits any aids given by member states and their resources, providing advantages to a specific firm or production of a specific good. In this way the article aims to prevent negative effects on competition, competitive area and trade between member states. The task of monitoring state aids is given to European Commission to protect competition and trade. However Treaty of Rome gives permission clearly to some exemptions of state aid if there is a benefit to European Union. It should be noted that state aid precautions can be effective tools in some situations to reach common goals of union. In general it can be said that state aids can increase competitiveness of European Union by correcting market deficiencies and improving the functioning of market. We look at State Aid Policy of EU in the Treaty of Rome. According to the article 87(1), an aid can be named as State Aid by providing the following four conditions: Transfer of Resources : There must be an intervention by the State or through State Resources Economic Advantage : It must confer an advantage on the recipient Distortion of Competition : It must distort or threaten to distort competition Effect on Trade : It must be liable to affect trade between member states. Especially third and fourth conditions are related to concept selectivity which is very important for the definition of State Aid in terms of granting an advantage to a certain company, production of specific products or development of a specific region (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.) Economic parties which receiving aid must be in an economic activity and must operate in a trade market between member states. It is not important for recipient to be in a profit seeking activity or not. The important thing here is being in an economic activity. Compatibility Criteria We look at Compatibility Criteria about State Aid Policy of EU in the Treaty of Rome. Despite the negative presumption of Article 87(1) , state aid can be taken into account as compatible with the common market if one or more exemptions of Article 87(2) and 87(3) are fulfilled. The following may be considered to be compatible with the common market: Aid to promote the economic development of areas where the standard of living is abnormally low or where there is serious unemployment Aid to promote the execution of an important project of common European interest or to remedy a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State Aid to facilitate the development of certain economic activities or of certain economic areas, where such aid does not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent contrary to the common interest Aid to promote culture and heritage conservation where such aid does not affect trading conditions and competition in the Community to an extent that is contrary to the common interest Such other categories of aid as may be specified by decision of the Council acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission. Paragraphs a and c settle the legal base for counting regional investment aids compatible. Paragraph a points out regions with income levels per head significantly below the EU average and paragraph c is related to regions with income and employment levels below the average of the member states (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.). The general principle behind the Commissions compatibility assessment is to balance the positive impact of the aid measure (pursuing an objective of common interest) against its potential negative effects (distortions of trade and competition). As mentioned above Commission looks at competition and trade aspects of state aids for making an efficient control. At this point it is known that state aids cause more distortions in markets which are more competitive than others. Clearly if market shares of the firms are small and if there is firms with low profit margins, state aids in this market (given to a specific firm or a group of firms) may have greater distortive effect. The Economics of State Aid Control: Basic Concepts The economics of state aid is related to these fields of economics: Public Economics, The Economics of Competition and International Trade Theory. State Ads must be looked at the window of Public Economics to analyze the purpose and effectiveness of state intervention in the national economy. As mentioned earlier the economics of competition is slightly related to state aids to analyze the impact of state aid on competition. European Commission pays attention to state aid to study its policies in an international context. European Union intends to raise welfare of the EU citizens by using state aids as in other ways. Economists developed social welfare functions in the early years of 20th century. Social welfare function seen as an indicator of total utility of society. Some researches, studies and practices showed the economists that there are two theorems of welfare economics. First theorem says that all competitive markets make Pareto  [2]  Efficient allocation of goods and services. Second theorem says that any income distribution and allocation of resources can be reachable by competitive markets. First theorem points out efficiency concept while second one does that for equity concept. Economists recognizes government intervention in some market failure situations on the basis of efficiency like externalities, public goods, information asymmetries/ missing markets, imperfect competition/ market power. State Aids can be seen as necessary in some cases as an intervention of government. If we look at this topic from the basis of equality, it is not incorrect to say that the mission of governments is to product more fair and equitable outcomes. State aids or any government intervention can be accepted if most fair and optimal resource allocation will be gained after that. Because individual is the reason for being governments and unions. And government intervention and state aids can be accepted for happiness and welfare of individuals (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.). Briefly if we think distribution of income as a cake; we can make cake better by increasing the efficiency of an economy and thereby pushing the welfare frontier outward or we can divide the cake better by distributing the available resources in a way that maximizes the preferences of society for equity and redistribution. Therefore the welfare frontier can be moved along. Limits of State Aid A state aid can be measured as effective and provides equity to reach a better welfare point. However for this welfare function there will be some significant problems to be solved. Firstly it is very hard to measure the size of market failure resulting with state aid. For example; lets think a research and development activity which imposes positive externalities. Socially desired output exceeds personal output with a subsidy which is a desirable condition. But there will be uncertainty about the size of economic inefficiency resulted by subsidy. Besides that; benefits gained from a state aid must exceed its costs. State Aids are costly and benefits and these costs must be compared by taking into account the opportunity costs. After that making the decision will be appropriate. As mentioned above frequently the biggest harm of state aids is the condition of distorting competition. Lastly one of the failure of governments is inefficient decision making problem which is a result of deficiencies in providing information can be a bottleneck of success of state aids in terms of efficiency and equity. Principal agent problem between politicians and bureaucrats distorts the political decision making process. Additionally principal agent problem between citizens and politicians is the biggest handicap of representative democracy. As we know this problem occurs when parties have different set of goals. In this context principal agent problem can cause different outcomes of EU state aid than desired ones. With all these consequences one can understand that a state aid can be possible reaching the best desired point (efficient, remedial distributional outcomes/ income distribution) with perfect information (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.). Rationales for European State Aid Control It is mentioned above that European Union has targets like helping undeveloped areas to develop, serving European Unions common interests, protecting cultural heritages and increasing employment. It is needed to have an efficient control mechanism for reaching these targets with a more efficient and equitable way. More specifically we can mention three basic rationales of EU state aid control. Cross- Border Externalities: If governments do not take into account the side effects of their intervention, there will emerge cross- border externalities. Member states can try to take advantage of international oligopoly profits by means of state aids even when they compete each other. National Commitment Problems: These problems are generally related to soft budget constraints. Because governments can not establish regulations about transparent budget rules, private firms can be affected from this, negatively. If firms do not have enough incentives to be efficient, it can not be provided the social/ optimal efficiency and one can not mention about any increase in welfare. Internal Market Rationale: The competition will increase by means of integrated European Markets. In addition to this there will be taken appropriate steps for economic development by means of restructuring firms. However state aids without efficient control mechanism harm EU internal market. Because if firms do not compete or do not need to compete in consequence of state aids they receive, benefits from giving state aids can not be provided; on the contrary competition could be distorted. The point to be considered here is that the aid also must provide free circulation of goods and services if and only if under the conditions of competition (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.). To make compatible its laws and regulations with European Union, Turkey established Competition Authority in December 1994. De Minimis Rule Treaty of European Community prohibits aids given by state resources, which are distorting competition or having impact to distort competition and affecting trade between member states. Nevertheless European Commission has the opinion that small aids do not have any potential distortive effect on trade and competition between member states. For this reason the Commission introduced a rule named as De Minimis Rule to decrease administrative burden on member states and the Commission itself. According to the De Minimis regularization there is not any negative effect of aids below 200.000 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (for a period of three years) on trade between member states and this will not cause distortion of competition (Ä °lhan, B. (2010). Avrupa BirliÄÅ ¸i Rekabet PolitikasÄ ±nda Devlet YardÄ ±mlarÄ ± ve Tà ¼rkiyenin Uyumu. SayÄ ±Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸tay Dergisi, 76, 101-132) An Effect Based Approach to European State Aid Control One of the most important points to draw attention to state aids is the concept of Common Interest. For this reason it will be beneficial take into account competition when approaching the consumer welfare and efficient allocation of resources. Some economists give great attention to these important points to evaluate state aids: The State Aid addresses a market failure or other objective of common interest. The State Aid is well targeted. It must provide an incentive effect. The distortions of competition are sufficiently limited so that the overall balance is positive. Economists will advocate state aids if they provide these specialties above. As we understand it is very important to distinguish good aid from bad aid (Friederiszick, H. W., Rà ¶ller, L. H., Verouden, V. (2006). European State Aid Control: an economic framework.). In 2005 a new strategic plan named as State Aid Action Plan (SAAP) made by European Commission. The Commission suggested a more refined economic approach in state aid in order to ensure a proper and more transparent evaluation of the distortions on competition and trade associated with state aid measures by SAAP. With this suggestion, Commission proposes also using economic analysis to identify market failures that are meet to be overcome by the aid. Commission proposes a three stage balancing test to achieve these targets. Clearly to distinguish good aid from bad aid Commission wants to use to evaluate aids before giving them. The test consists of questions on the purpose of evaluation and specifying the necessity and qualification of aids. Is the aid measure aimed at a well defined objective of common interest like growth, employment, cohesion and environment? Is the aid well designed to deliver the objective of common interest, i.e. does the proposal aid address the market failure or other objective? Is the state aid an appropriate policy instrument? Is there an incentive effect, i.e. does the aid change the behavior of firms? Is the aid measure proportional, i.e. could the same change in behaviour be obtained with less aid? Are the distortions of competition and effect on trade limited, so that the overall balance is positive? First two steps address the positive effects of state aids and the third one addresses negative effects. According to the Commission the results / answers acquired from these steps/ questions will determine the qualification and limits of a good and efficient state aid. This balancing test give an opportunity to focus on less and better targeted aid (Heimler, A. Jenny, F. (2012). Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 28, Number 2, 2012, pp. 347-367). European Union State Aid Policy and State Aid Plans prepared with Lisbon Strategy According to State Aids Action Plan, State Aids that are prepared within the context of Lisbon Strategy must concentrate on these priority areas below: Targeting innovation and Research Development to strengthen the knowledge society. Generating a better workplace and encouraging entrepreneurship Investing on human resources Increasing the quality of services of general economic interest Better prioritization scaling by means of simplification and combination A result oriented regional state aid policy Encouraging a sustainable future environmentally Establishing infrastructures of modern transportation, energy, knowledge and telecommunication technology (Avrupa Komisyonu, State Aid Action Plan, Brà ¼ksel, 7 Haziran 2005, s. 8-12) Conclusion EU started its adventure with European Coal and Steel Community to overcome destructive effects of Second World War on European Nations. However the target of Single Market has not been accomplished yet. EU proceeded a great way to accomplish this target for half a century. And still makes a great effort to develop the union and to reach European Single Market. The practice of State Aid and its control mechanism are parts of this effort to reach the target of Single Market. An efficient control mechanism will help EU to reach its goals. In doing so the balancing test suggested within the context of Lisbon Strategy will help to distinguish good aid from bad aid. European Union has passed a considerably long and successful process since the establishment and development of first communities. It will be great acquisition for Turkey becoming a part of this union to accelerate economic and social development.